3.1 Фотокамера
Какой нужен фотоаппарат для съемки сферических панорам ?
3.1.1 Фотоаппарат “Смена 8”
Теоретически любой, но если рассмотреть этот вопрос с точки зрения удобства работы и возможности получить прогнозируемо качественный результат, то лучше остановить свой выбор на камере, обладающей следующими характеристиками:
— возможность использовать сменную оптику
— наличие резьбового гнезда для установки на штатив
— возможность снимать в RAW файл
— возможность устанавливать ручные параметры экспозиции
— наличие в камере функции брэкетинга по экспозиции
— возможность подключение пульта дистанционного управления
— возможность использования ручного режима фокусировки
Исходя из этого можно рекомендовать выбор любой зеркальной камеры (не обязательно с полнокадровую) либо популярные нынче “системные” беззеркальные камеры. Все они обладают указанными выше характеристиками.
Можно снимать панорамы и мыльницами, и смартфонами, но в данном случае придется проявлять изобретательность, чтобы обойти ограничения, внесенные в эти камеры производителями.
Остановлюсь подробнее на том, почему я считаю перечисленные параметры камеры камеры важными:
1. Сменная оптика. Используя объектив с более широким углом зрения, Вы сможете минимизировать количество кадров, необходимых для сборки сферической панорамы, и уменьшить время ее съемки, что критично при сложных метеоусловиях и вариантах репортажных панорам. О выборе сменной оптики подробнее читаем тут.
2. Гнездо для установки на штатив позволит надежно и точно закрепить камеру и добиться высокого качества готовой панорамы, а также существенно сократить время на сборку такой панорамы.
3. Преимущества съемки в RAW:
— настройка точной настройки баланса белого во время пост-обработки
— отсутствие артефактов jpeg, более высокая четкость изображения
— гораздо большие возможности в редактировании параметров экспозиции
4. Ручные параметры экспозиции, отключение автоматики камеры. Нужно ли это?
3.1.2 Колесо выбора режимов работы фотокамеры Nikon D750 в положении, когда на камере включен режим ручного выбора экспозиционных параметров
Несмотря на то, что современные фотоаппараты очень “умные”, а программы, собирающие панорамы, умеют выравнивать экспозицию кадров, снятых в автоматическом режиме. Возможны случаи, когда панорама, исходные кадры которой, сняты в автоматическом режиме, не будет уступать панораме , снятой в той же точке, при аналогичных условиях освещения в ручном режиме. Но это одиночные случаи и возможны они при благоприятном освещении в месте съемки. Наша же задача - научиться снимать панорамы в разных условиях и добиваться качественного и очень качественного результата. Значит об автоматическом замере экспозиции нам лучше забыть. Предлагаю представить ситуацию, когда Вы снимаете панораму в яркий солнечный день и, вращая камеру, сталкиваетесь с ситуацией, когда солнце светит Вам в объектив. Как отработает в данном случае автомат камеры ?
5. Брэкетинг по экспозиции, т.е. возможность делать несколько кадров с экспозиционными поправками от заданного параметра. Например, правильно экспонированный кадр, кадр с недодержкой в 2 ступени и с передержкой в 2 ступени.
Зачем это нужно? Для возможности использования технологии HDR в условиях освещения, когда у нас в панораме окажутся области очень яркие и очень темные и даже съемка в RAW не позволит нам сохранить всю информацию в светах и тенях. Тут поможет технология HDR. (подробнее читаем тут)
6. Дистанционное управление или простейший тросик позволят избежать лишних вибраций камеры при длинных выдержках, часто приходится снимать в условиях малой освещенности. Можно обойтись и встроенным авто-спуском, но с тросиком гораздо удобнее, а цена его невелика. Многие камеры позволяют использовать смартфон в качестве пульта управления, это удобно и комфортно, но если у вас заряд аккумулятора в камере приближается к нулю, то это лишняя нагрузка на него. Тросик гораздо удобнее при съемке в холодную погоду, им можно работать в перчатках
3.1.3 Проводной пульт управления фотокамерой с функцией таймера, длительной экспозиции и другими режимами работы
7. Ручная фокусировка - залог успешной панорамы. При съемке исходного материала самая лучшая технология фокусировки - это ручная фокусировка с использованием гиперфокального расстояния (читаем тут). Про авто-фокус лучше забыть. Представьте себе ситуацию, когда во время съемки ваша камера фокусируется на объект на расстоянии в 1 метр, а при следующем кадре на бесконечность. Как будет выглядеть готовая панорама, если удастся ее собрать? Не знаю, никогда не пробовал создать себе такую проблему и вам не советую.
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